Summary: In the current context of agroecological transition, the use of fermented fertilizers or biols has intensified. The objective of this study was to compare the nutrient concentration of two formulations of fermented fertilizers elaborated with local inputs. Handmade biodigesters were designed and sheep manure and Kikuyo grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) were used. Two formulations were generated: Biol 1 (20% kikuyo grass, 30% sheep manure and 50% water) and Biol 2 (50% sheep manure and 50% water), which were fermented for 100 days and there were three replicates of each formulation. In the biols the organic matter and the concentration of the macronutrients N, P and K, as well as the concentration of the micronutrients Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn were determined. Biol 1 had a higher concentration of organic matter, N and Fe (P ≤ 0.05). It is concluded that the nutrient concentration of the biol was improved when the grass was added in the fermentation process. The use of local, low-cost and easily accessible inputs can be an alternative to produce biols.

Resumen: En el contexto actual de la transición agroecológica, se ha intensificado el uso de fertilizantes fermentados o bioles. El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar la concentración nutrimental de dos formulaciones de fertilizantes fermentados elaborados con insumos locales. Se diseñaron biodigestores artesanales y se utilizó estiércol de ovino y pasto Kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum). Se generaron dos formulaciones: Biol 1 (20% pasto kikuyo, 30% estiércol ovino y 50% agua) y Biol 2 (50% estiércol ovino y 50% agua), las cuales se fermentaron durante 100 días y se tuvieron tres repeticiones de cada formulación. En los bioles se determinó la materia orgánica y la concentración de los macronutrientes N, P y K, así como la concentración de los micronutrientes Fe, Cu, Mn y Zn. El Biol 1 tuvo mayor concentración de materia orgánica, N y Fe (P ≤ 0.05), es decir, se concluye que se mejoró la concentración nutrimental del biol cuando se agregó el pasto en el proceso de fermentación. El uso de insumos locales, de bajo costo y de fácil acceso puede ser una alternativa para producir bioles.

Abstract The agribusiness is a major generator of employment and income worldwide and contributes to food security and nutrition. Therefore, the objective was to perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the scientific contributions in agribusiness. A bibliographic consultation was made in Scopus and "Agribusiness" was used as keyword. A textual analysis was performed on 407 scientific papers from 2020, through Nvivo 12 software using the following analysis codes: Mega trade agreements and institutional harmonization, farm-level technology pricing and contracts, market power related to the mega consolidation of companies, new agricultural technologies, emergence of agrocorporations, institutional land access rules, property rights regimes and their consequences, private enforcement of property rights, farmer class action studies and territorial reconversion. Two more codes emerged in the analysis process: Environmental impact and human health impact. Current scientific contributions in agribusiness are focused on new agricultural technologies (24%), environmental impact (17%) and local actions of farmers (14%). A qualitative improvement of the contributions is observed as more elements that support the complex processes agribusiness generates are increasingly incorporated. From focusing on economic and financial aspects, sustainability-oriented and social commitment domains are now considered. A modern and innovative concept defines agribusiness as economic activities with different forms or models of production, derived from or linked to agricultural products. It considers production-consumption processes and farmers are inserted in a differentiated way according to their economic rationality. These activities are not only focused on the generation of monetary value, but also on the social processes it produces, where multiple actors are involved.

Resumo É relevante sistematizar o conhecimento global gerado sobre heliconia devido à sua importância econômica na floricultura tropical e no mercado de flores cortadas. O objetivo foi explorar os resultados gerados em pesquisas científicas relacionadas ao cultivo de helicônias como flores de corte em termos de abordagem metodológica, eixos de pesquisa e distribuição espacial em termos de contribuições por país. Uma pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada no Scopus, Web of science e SciELO, com base nas palavras-chave “heliconia” e “flores tropicais”. Posteriormente, uma análise de conteúdo dos documentos foi realizada com o software Nvivo, usando categorias a priori em termos de abordagem metodológica, eixos de pesquisa, ano, países e cultivares ou variedades. Os resultados indicam que as contribuições científicas estão principalmente sob uma abordagem quantitativa (98,1%). As investigações abordam principalmente aspectos produtivos (74,5%), aspectos pós-colheita (16,1%), mercado (6,7%), enquanto os produtos utilizados pela indústria (2,5%) são pouco abordados. Os países que mais contribuem são: Brasil (54,5%), Colômbia (15,4%) e México (10,9%). As espécies mais importantes são: H. psittacorum, H. bihai, H. spathocircinata, H. rostrata e H. wagneriana. Esses resultados sugerem a realização de pesquisas para identificar problemas dos processos fisiológicos, ambientais, produtivos e econômicos, além de considerar as estratégias dos agricultores como prioritárias. Isso deve ser abordado a partir de paradigmas em que os atores sociais (agricultores), seu desenvolvimento e os impactos de suas tarefas sociais no cultivo de helicônias são considerados o eixo principal.

Abstract It is relevant to systematize the global knowledge generated about heliconia due to its economic importance in tropical floriculture and the cut flower market. The objective was to explore the results generated in scientific research related to the cultivation of heliconias as cut flower in terms of its methodological approach, research axes, and spatial distribution in terms of the contributions by country. A bibliographic search was conducted in Scopus, Web of science and SciELO based on the keywords “heliconia” and “tropical flowers”. Thereafter, a content analysis of the documents was conducted with the Nvivo software using a priori categories in terms of methodological approach, research axes, year, countries, and cultivars or varieties. The results indicate that the scientific contributions are mostly under a quantitative approach (98.1%). The investigations mainly address productive aspects (74.5%), post-harvest aspects (16.1%), market (6.7%) while industry-used products (2.5%) are scarcely addressed. The countries that make the most contributions are: Brazil (54.5%), Colombia (15.4%) and Mexico (10.9%). The most important species are: H. psittacorum, H. bihai, H. spathocircinata, H. rostrata and H. wagneriana. These results suggest conducting research to identify problems from the physiological, environmental, productive, and economic processes, as well as considering the strategies of farmers as a priority. This must be approached from paradigms where social actors (farmers), their development and the impacts of their social tasks on the cultivation of heliconias are considered the main axis.

Summary: Moringa is used for human and animal consumption due to its high content of proteins, vitamins and minerals. The present study analyzed and evaluated the effectiveness of Azospirillum spp. over the nutritional content of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) under nursery conditions. The experimental design consisted of four treatments with six repetitions in complete blocks at random, which consisted of the inoculation at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mL of suspension with 9.8 × 105 CFU mL-1 of Azospirillum spp. The study variables: biomass, protein, macro (P, K. Ca and Mg) and micronutriments (Na, Fe, Cu and Mn) in leaves and stems were determined 70 days after sowing. The analysis of variance showed significant statistical differences between treatments only for the variables: potassium content in leaves and calcium content, iron and sodium in stem. According to the comparison of means (P ≤ 0.05) the best treatments were those that received 0.5 and 1 mL of suspension. The inoculation of Azospirillum, failed to increase the dry weight and protein contents; however, the highest values (30.2% crude protein) were associated with its application. The absence of significant effects in the other variables evaluated is associated with inoculum concentration, however, higher values are shown in the nutrient contents in relation to results reported in other research.

Resumen: La moringa es utilizada para consumo humano y animal debido a su alto contenido de proteínas, vitaminas y minerales. El presente estudio analizó y evaluó la efectividad de Azospirillum spp., sobre el contenido nutrimental de moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) en condiciones de vivero. El diseño experimental consistió en cuatro tratamientos con seis repeticiones en bloques completos al azar, los cuales consistieron en la inoculación a 0.5, 1 y 1.5 mL de suspensión con 9.8 × 105 UFC mL-1 de Azospirillum spp. Las variables de estudio: biomasa, proteína, macro (P, K. Ca y Mg) y micronutrimentos (Na, Fe, Cu y Mn) en hojas y tallos se determinaron a los 70 días después de la siembra. El análisis de varianza mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas entre tratamientos únicamente para las variables: contenido de potasio en hojas y contenido de calcio, fierro y sodio en tallo. De acuerdo a la comparación de medias (P ≤ 0.05) los mejores tratamientos fueron los que recibieron 0.5 y 1 mL de suspensión. La inoculación de Azospirillum, no logró aumentar el peso seco y los contenidos de proteína; sin embargo, los valores más altos (30.2% proteína cruda) se asociaron a su aplicación. La ausencia de efectos significativos en las demás variables evaluadas se asocia con la concentración del inoculo, sin embargo, se muestran valores superiores en los contenidos de nutrimentos en relación con resultados reportados en otras investigaciones.

Resumo Heliconias têm grande importância comercial devido à durabilidade de suas inflorescências, tamanhos, formas e cores brilhantes. Em relação à sua produção, a nutrição mineral da cultura é um dos aspectos mais relevantes para a obtenção de hastes florais de qualidade. O objetivo foi determinar a influência do N-P-K no crescimento e estado nutricional de Heliconia stricta Dwarf Jamaican. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na fertilização do solo com N-P-K. Os níveis de adubação expressos em kg ha-1 de NPK foram: controle sem aplicação 00-00-00 (T100), 31-31-31 (T231), 62-62-62 (T362) e 93-93-93 (T493). As plantas receberam os tratamentos por seis meses. Variáveis de crescimento e teores de nutrientes da biomassa de helicônia foram avaliadas. A análise de variância mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas (P ≤ 0.05) no vigor e na cor da planta, assim como para os teores de fósforo, magnésio e cobre. Os aumentos significativos no vigor e cor foram com as doses 31-31-31 e 62-62-62 do NPK. Quanto ao conteúdo de P, Mg e Cu, esses foram influenciados pelas doses 31-31-31, 62-62-62 e 93-93-93. Este trabalho mostra importantes achados em relação ao diagnóstico nutricional no teor foliar de nutrientes.

Abstract Heliconias have great commercial importance due to their durability of inflorescences, sizes, forms and bright colors. Regarding its production, the mineral nutrition of the crop is one of the most relevant aspects to obtain quality floral stems. The objective was to determine the influence of N-P-K on the growth and nutritional content of Heliconia stricta Dwarf Jamaican. A completely randomized block design was used with four treatments and five repetitions. The treatments consisted in fertilizing the soil with N-P-K. The levels of fertilization expressed in kg ha-1 of NPK were: control without application 00-00-00 (T100), 31-31-31 (T231), 62-62-62 (T362) and 93-93-93 (T493). The plants received the treatments for six months. Growth variables and nutrient contents of heliconia biomass were evaluated. The analysis of variance showed significant statistical differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the vigor and color of the plant, as well as the phosphorus, magnesium and copper contents. The significant increases in vigor and color were with doses 31-31-31 and 62-62-62 of NPK. As for the contents of P, Mg and Cu were influenced by doses 31-31-31, 62-62-62 and 93-93-93 of NPK. This work shows important findings in relation to the nutritional diagnosis in the foliar content of nutrients.

A systematization and a quantitative and qualitative analysis of scientific documents are presented, which respond: What are the main contributions of research in relation to the demands of agroecology in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)? What factors approaches and methods have been used in time and space? The quantitative approach predominates, followed by the qualitative one, and the mixed one to a lesser extent. The development of agroecology in LAC is distributed in: a country with greater consolidation (Brazil), a larger group in development, another with initial contributions and, finally, one with minimal contributions. The most considered factors in the investigations are the physical-biological ones, followed by the social, economic, cultural, and political ones. Two thirds of the contributions to agroecological demands were: agroecological management, maintenance of biodiversity, self-management and local self-sufficiency, and soil and water conservation. Some contributions have been intensified at present, while agroecological management has prevailed over time. The predominance of conventional research approaches, methods and techniques is evident; the challenge is to generate new ways of seeing and doing research, which allow addressing the disciplinary interfaces of the complex problem in the society-nature relationship.

Se presenta una sistematización y análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de documentos científicos, que responden ¿Cuáles son los principales aportes de las investigaciones en relación con las demandas de la agroecología en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC)? ¿Qué factores, enfoques y métodos han utilizado en tiempo y espacio? Predomina el enfoque cuantitativo, seguido del cualitativo y menormente el mixto; el desarrollo de la agroecología en ALC está distribuido en: un país con mayor consolidación (Brasil), un grupo más grande en desarrollo, otro con aportaciones iniciales y, finalmente, uno con mínimos aportes. Los factores más considerados en las investigaciones son los físico-biológicos, seguido de los sociales, económicos, culturales y políticos. Las dos terceras partes de los aportes a las demandas agroecológicas fueron: manejo agroecológico, mantenimiento de la biodiversidad, autogestión y autosuficiencia local y conservación de suelo y agua. Algunos aportes se han intensificado actualmente, mientras que el manejo agroecológico ha prevalecido a través del tiempo. Es evidente el predominio de enfoques, métodos y técnicas de investigación convencionales; el reto es generar nuevas formas de ver y hacer investigación, que permitan abordar las interfaces disciplinares de la compleja problemática en la relación sociedad-naturaleza.

RESUMO As Heliconias têm um grande potencial como flor de corte sendo importante o manejo adequado da cultura. Neste sentido, objetivou-se aplicar alterações ao solo (Biol e Polímero superabsorvente - SAP) e analisar o seu efeito sobre o crescimento de Heliconia psittacorum cv. Tropica. Foi realizado experimento usando o delineamento experimental completamente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições: SAP (1 g planta-1); Biol (planta de 20 mL-1) + SAP (1 g planta-1); Biol (planta de 20 mL-1) e um controle (sem aplicação). Foi cultivado um rizoma de 20 cm por vaso foram avaliados a altura da planta, número de folhas, área foliar e número de brotos. A análise de variância não mostrou nenhuma diferença estatística (p ≤ 0,05) entre os tratamentos para as variáveis altura de planta, área foliar e número de brotos; porém, obteve-se diferença significativa para a variável número de folhas p ≤ 0,05). Os melhores tratamentos foram Biol, SAP e Biol + SAP. Com a aplicação das alterações de biol e SAP, não foi possível aumentar a altura de plantas, a área foliar e o número de brotações de heliconia. Em relação à aplicação de SAP aos resultados não significativos em Heliconia, espera-se que tratamentos com SAP tenham um efeito melhor na estação seca.

ABSTRACT The Heliconias have a great potential as a cut flower and for this reason an adequate management of the crop is important. The objective of this research was the application of soil amendments (Biol and superabsorbent polymers - SAP) and the analysis on their effect in the growth of Heliconia psittacorum cv. Tropica. An experiment was established using a completely randomized design with four treatments and five repetitions: SAP (1 g plant-1), biol (20 mL plant-1) + SAP (1 g plant-1), biol (20 mL plant-1) and one control (without application). A 20 cm rhizome was planted per pot and were evaluated the height of the plant, the number of leaves, the leaf area and the number of shoots were measured. The analysis of variance did not show statistical differences (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments for the variables of the height of the plant, the leaf area and the number of shoots, but statistical differences were found for the variable number of leaves (p ≤ 0.05), and the best treatments were Biol, SAP, and Biol + SAP. With the application of the biol and SAP amendments, it was not possible to increase the plant height, the leaf area and the number of Heliconia shoots. Regarding the application of SAP to the not found significant results in Heliconia, it is expected that treatments with SAP show a better effect in the dry season.

Abstract Heliconias are grown for production of cut flowers, potted plants and indoor landscapes; however, they are affected by inadequate fertilization and poor water supply. The aim of this research was to analyze the effect produced by foliar and soil fertilization with biol, soil chemical fertilization and application of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) on the growth of heliconia. A randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement (A x B x C) and four replicates was used: A) application of biol to the soil (20 mL∙plant-1), chemical fertilization (5 g∙plant-1 of 17-17-17 [N, P and K]), without application (control) and chemical fertilization + biol (5 g∙plant-1 of 17-17-17 + 20 mL∙plant-1, respectively); B) with and without the application of foliar biol (17 mL∙plant-1) and C) with and without application of SAP (2 g∙plant-1). During 180 days of evaluation, variables measured were: plant height, vigor, color, number of leaves, health, leaf area and number of shoots. The best treatments were chemical fertilization and the biol + chemical fertilizer combination. The interaction of these treatments showed the best values in plant height, health, number of leaves, leaf area, vigor and color. The chemical fertilization and biol + chemical fertilizer with SAP application treatments showed statistical differences in number of leaves, leaf area and vigor. Biol use showed significant differences, so it is suggested as a complement in heliconia fertilization. In addition, the use of substrates with a high level of organic matter is recommended as an alternative for water retention.

Resumen Las heliconias son cultivadas para producción de flores de corte, plantas en macetas y paisajes en interiores; sin embargo, son afectadas por la fertilización inadecuada y el abastecimiento deficiente de agua. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el efecto producido por la fertilización foliar y al suelo con biol, fertilización química al suelo y aplicación de polímeros superabsorbentes (SAP) en el crecimiento de heliconia. Se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo de parcelas subdivididas (A x B x C) con cuatro repeticiones: A) aplicación de biol al suelo (20 mL∙planta-1), fertilización química (5 g∙planta-1 de 17-17-17 [N, P y K]), sin aplicación (testigo) y fertilización química + biol ( 5 g∙planta-1 de 17-17-17 + 20 mL∙planta-1, respectivamente); B) con y sin la aplicación de biol foliar (17 mL∙planta-1) y C) con y sin aplicación de SAP (2 g∙planta-1). Durante 180 días de evaluación se midió: altura de planta, vigor, color, número de hojas, sanidad, área foliar y número de brotes. Los mejores tratamientos fueron la fertilización química y la combinación de biol + fertilizante químico. En la interacción los mejores tratamientos fueron altura de planta, sanidad, número de hojas, área foliar, vigor y color. La fertilización química y biol + fertilizante químico con aplicación de SAP mostraron diferencias estadísticas en número de hojas, área foliar y vigor. El uso de biol mostró diferencias significativas, por lo que se sugiere como complemento en la fertilización de heliconia, además del uso de sustratos con nivel alto de materia orgánica como alternativa para la retención de agua.